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>>>> Team 1 - Analytical tools

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TEAM 1 ANALYTICAL TOOLS

 

Sediment reworking quantification/

1D method
The 1D quantification method is based on the deposition of fluorescent tracers (luminophores) at the surface of sediment cores. After a defined time of incubation, the sediments are sliced and the content of luminophores is measured in each layer under UV light using a digital camera. Based on the obtained luminophore profiles, specific numerical models are then used to quantify the sediment reworking.

2D method
The non-destructive 2D approach to quantify particle reworking is a powerful and complementary tool to understand particle transport by the benthic fauna in surface sediments. The optical technique for 2-D detection of luminophores is relatively fast and easy to perform, with the ability to detect small scale (<mm) particle movements on a time resolution of minutes or less. The use of a specific numerical model allows to quantify (optical reworking coefficient: ORC) the particle movement.
Analyses of Total organic carbon/
High Temperature Combustion Oxidation (HTCO). Shimadzu 5000. Have a look on DOC website: http://www.imcs.rutgers.edu/~spyres/HTCO.htm
Analyses of Amino-acids/
Amino acids are derivatized (with OPA) (Lindroth and Mopper, 1979) and separated on Symmetry Waters C18, 25 cm column by using a Waters 1525 Binary HPLC pump and detected with a Fluoresence 474 Waters detector.
Analyses of OH. radicals/
Benzoic acid reacts with OH. radicals to form o-hydroxybenzoic acid (OHBA) (Zhou and Mopper, 1990) which is detected by using Fluorescence 474 Waters detector after chromatographic separation by HPLC Breeze Waters 1525 binary HPLC pump and a Symmetry Waters C18, 15 cm column.
 
Analyses of sugars/
Monosaccharides are separated on an anion exchange column (Carbopac PA-1, Dionex) by using Waters 626 quaternary pump and Waters 600 S controller and an isocratic elution with 19 mM NaOH at 17 °C (column temperature) and detected by an electrochemical detector (Decade, Antec).

Analyses of lipid molecules/

Analyses of dicarboxylic acids/
The diacids are derivatized to dibutyl esters and detected with a Perkin Elmer autosystem XL gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a split/splitless injector, a silica capillary column (HP-5, 25 m × 0.32 mm × 0.52 µm, Hewlett Packard) and an FID detector. (See also, Sempéré and Kawamura, 2003). For seawater, samples are desalted by the use of charcoal protocoal and detected by GC.

Analyses of long chain fatty acids FAME analysis is performed on a Perkin Elmer Autosystem XL equipped with a split/splitless injector and with a polar BPX70 SGE column. Analytical conditions are 30 m column length, injection temperature 240°C, detection temperature 280°C, oven temperature 50-260°C.

Identification of individual biomarker components/
Individual lipid biomarkers are identified with a HP 5890 series II plus gas chromatograph coupled to a HP 5972 mass spectrometer. Compounds are separated using classical capillary columns like (HP1-MS, HP5-MS, Solgel-1, BPX-50 etc.).

Selective detection of elements/
Specific elements (sulfur, halogens, organometallic, etc.) present within volatilised lipid compounds can be detected selectively with a HP 6990 series plus gas chromatograph connected to a HP G2350A atomic emission detector. Compounds are separated using ????

Analyses of lipid classes/
Lipid extracts are separated on chromarods and quantified on a thin layer chromatography/flame ionisation detection (TLC/FID) Iatroscan TH10 apparatus model MK-VIs (hydrogen flow, 160ml/min; air flow, 2000 ml/min) coupled to PC equipped with a Chromstar integration system (Bionis, 2001). The separation scheme involved five elution steps in solvent systems of increasing polarity: hexane + diethylether + formic acid, acetone, chloroform + methanol and chloroform + methanol + ammonium hydroxide according to a modified procedure of Goutx et al. (1990). In such conditions, 14 compounds are identified and quantified; the relative standard deviation of replicate samples (n=3) for Iatroscan TLC-FID analysis was 3 to 11%.

Measurements of Ultra-Violet (UV) and Photostynthetic active radiations (PAR) in lower troposphere and in seawater/


Satlantic's OCR-504 UV/PAR radiometers/

Surface (atmospheric) measurements and real time surface reference for in-water measurements. UV: 305, 325, 340, 380 nm (bandwidth: 2 and 10 nm). PAR: 412, 443, 490, 565 nm (bandwidth: 20 nm)

OCR-504 I sensors/ Downwelling irradiance (in W m-2).Dose (in kJ m-2). (Photo 7 OCR 504/I). Underwater measurements : UV: 305, 325, 340, 380 nm (bandwidth: 2 and 10 nm). PAR: 412, 443, 490, 565 nm (bandwidth: 20 nm).
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