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The
present situation
In
the last decade, because of high life and income of the people in the
world generally and in Vietnam particularly, consumption demand of
aquatic products which are rich of protein, less of lipid and
cholesterol are more and more increased, export market is more and more
enlarged making the motive for strong development of shrimp culture.
According to the forecast, consumption demand of aquatic products in the
world increases averagely 3.8 %/year (97.4 million tons in 1991, 115
million tons in 1996, it is forecasted to reach to 120 million tons in
2010). In 1999, the yield of aquaculture in
Camau province reached to 41,564 tons in which there are 26,100
tons of shrimp.). It is expected that the yield of aquaculture will
reach to 50,000 tons increasing 20.3 % compared to 1999 in which there
are 27,600 tons of shrimp
Proposals
for orientation and technical solutions for future years
The
development of aquaculture to 2005 aims to contribute the guaranty
foodstuff safety and make raw material resources for the process of export
fisheries product. The yield of cultured shrimp will strive to reach
90,000 tons of export commodity value reaching 500 millions USD, which
should be feasible due to the advantageous natural conditions, land
potential, technological standard and management ability. However shrimp
culture needs to carry out specific actions in order to succeed its
sustainability. The proposals are the following :
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better
coordinate planning of research institutes and local ones in order
to impulse the sustainable development of shrimp culture, without
causing environmental pollution. |
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support
projects in parental tiger prawn culture, reproduction of some
local dominant species as small shrimp, grouper, oyster… |
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help
local to train technical staff, pisciculture encouraging staff,
technicians in order to satisfy demands. |
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combine
efforts with projects within Vietnam and elsewhere in the world in
order to provide the necessary information to local communities in
the field of shrimp culture |
The
situation of shrimp farming in Asia
While
playing a leading role in farmed shrimps with almost 80% of world shrimp
culture production (650000 tons in 1999), Asia suffered drastic
collapses at the turn of the 90’s in several countries. The main
reason for the decrease of production was identified as deteriorating
water quality and the emergence of numerous pathogens. Excessive and
unplanned farm development and poor pond management have exacerbated
this trend. Aquaculture is so dependent on the health of the environment
that it cannot succeed in unsuitable or degraded sites
State
of the art on the impact of tropical shrimp aquaculture on the environment
Ecological
studies
Previous
research conducted with the support of EU (STD3/DG12) from 1994 to 1997
has shown that the impact of aquaculture could be best summarised by
increased concentrations in total suspended matter, particulate organic
matter and sulfate-reducing bacteria. The organic matter either comes
from the ponds or is from telluric origin, due to mangrove eradication
when building the ponds.
The
assessment of the production capacities of given sites (in the Pacific,
Indonesia and Vietnam) has been conducted by comparing production data
- in tons per hectare - and environmental data. The scale shown below
integrates a range of these environmental parameters with shrimp
production levels
Socio-economical
studies
The
results of socio-economics surveys together with official statistical
sources offer a synthetic view of a group analysis of shrimp farms.
Stocking density appears as the real criterion of technical systems.
Four technical systems have been identified and compared in Indonesia
and Vietnam: traditional (T), traditional-plus (T+), semi-intensive (S-I)
and intensive (I). The relatively low results of the traditional plus
system can be explained by the tendency to over-stock in ponds
designed and managed to support relatively low stocking density. This
increases the risks of high mortalities. In rather well managed
traditional-plus ponds the economic performance is comparable to that
observed for other technical systems.
Problems
to be addressed in the Gambas Project
Overall
objective
The
project aims at promoting the sustainable development of shrimp
farming in the Mekong delta while avoiding ecosystem degradation and
production collapses. It is intended to have a practical impact on
farming communities through local fisheries authorities
Detailed
objectives
The
project is broken down into 5 detailed objectives:
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To
confirm on a significant sample of sites quantifiable
relationships between shrimp production and ecological indicators,
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To
analyse farming practices and socio-economics on the same sites
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To
carry out mapping of mangrove vegetation, soil type and land use,
and value them at ecosystem unit level,
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To
increase knowledge of scientists and local fisheries authorities
through a strong involvement in the programme : training courses
and workshops,
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To
provide the Vietnamese counterpart with tools and methods making
them able to devise a follow-up development project extended to
the whole of the Mekong delta |
Activities
and partners
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Activity
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Institute
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Activity
1 Definition of ecological
indicators of environmental diagnosis and aquaculture potential
assessment
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I.O.
Nha Trang + Ifremer/Crema + IRD
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Activity
2 Practices and
socio-economics of shrimp farming
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Cedem/Brest
+ Can Tho University + I.O. Nha Trang + NACA
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Activity
3 Ecosystem and land-use
mapping and data base
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I.O.
Nha Trang + Univ.Toulouse + Ifremer/Brest
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Activity
4 Integration of results,
statistical analysis, production of methodological guidlines,
dissemination of results
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I.O.
Nha Trang + Ifremer/Brest
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Coordination,
training programme, workshop and seminars
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Ifremer/Paris
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Organisation
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2
study areas, Ca Mau An Tra Vinh, with 15 stations located at farm
site |
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at
each station data on water, soil, vegetation, socio-economics and
zootechnics are collected 4 times over two years
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statistical
analysis is conducted on the data base
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deliverables
are a data base, a methodology for environmental monitoring,
guidelines for Mekong delta aquaculture management |
Shrimp
aquaculture in Vietnam is featured as follows :
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small
scale farming, with large surfaces
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extensive
(one to two animals per square metre)
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low
productivity (50-300 kg/ha/year)
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mixed
culture systems (with rice and forest)
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natural
as well as hatchery produced seed
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The
major problems arising in Vietnam are the quality of broodstock : those
travelling from central Vietnam arrive in the delta in a lousy shape,
those locally produced (350 hatcheries in the Mekong) also are of low
quality. Altogether there are only about 10% survival in Tra Vinh for
instance. Concerning mixed activities, the recommendation is rather to
separate activities, as washing out of soils by the rain is a threat to
surrounding ponds or channels used for aquaculture.
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